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Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research
Richard W. Brislin
The Pennsylvania State University; Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Department of Psychology, Western Washigton State College, Bellingham, Washington,98225.
Two aspects of translation were investigated: (1) factors that affect translation quality, and (2) how equivalence between source and target versions can be evaluated. The variables of language, content, and difficulty were studied through an analysis of variance design. Ninety-four bilinguals from the University of Guam, representing ten languages, translated or back-translated six essays incorporating three content areas and two levels of difficulty. The five criteria for equivalence were based on comparisons of meaning or predictions of similar responses to original or translated versions. The factors of content, difficulty, language and content-language interaction were significant, and the five equivalence criteria proved workable. Conclusions are that translation quality can be predicted, and that a functionally equivalent translation can be demonstrated when responses to the original and target versions are studied.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 1, No. 3,
185-216 (1970)
DOI: 10.1177/135910457000100301
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Self-Described Traits, Values, and Moods Associated with Individualism and Collectivism: Testing I-C Theory in an Individualistic (U.S.) and a Collectivistic (Philippine) Culture
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,
July 1, 1999;
30(4):
466 - 500.
[Abstract]
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S. Erkut, O. Alarcon, C. G. Coll, L. R. Tropp, and H. A. V. Garcia
The Dual-Focus Approach to Creating Bilingual Measures
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,
March 1, 1999;
30(2):
206 - 218.
[Abstract]
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J. F. Medina and C.-T. Chau
Credit Card Usage Behavior Between Anglos and Hispanics
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences,
November 1, 1998;
20(4):
429 - 447.
[Abstract]
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C. R. Ridley, L. C. Li, and C. L. Hill
Multicultural Assessment:: Reexamination, Reconceptualization, and Practical Application
The Counseling Psychologist,
November 1, 1998;
26(6):
827 - 910.
[Abstract]
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J. Kang and Y.-K. Kim
Ethnicity and Acculturation: Influences on Asian American Consumers' Purchase Decision Making for Social Clothes
Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal,
September 1, 1998;
27(1):
91 - 117.
[Abstract]
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S. C. Carr, H. Taef, R. De M.S. Ribeiro, and M. Maclachlan
Attributions for "Third World" Poverty: Contextual Factors in Australia and Brazil
Psychology Developing Societies,
September 1, 1998;
10(2):
103 - 114.
[Abstract]
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I. Choi and R. E. Nisbett
Situational Salience and Cultural Differences in the Correspondence Bias and Actor-Observer Bias
Pers Soc Psychol Bull,
September 1, 1998;
24(9):
949 - 960.
[Abstract]
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J. E. Dumas, A. Martinez, and P. J. LaFreniere
The Spanish Version of the Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation (SCBE)-Preschool Edition: Translation and Field Testing
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences,
May 1, 1998;
20(2):
255 - 269.
[Abstract]
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S. V. Paunonen and M. C. Ashton
The Structured Assessment of Personality across Cultures
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,
January 1, 1998;
29(1):
150 - 170.
[Abstract]
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R. R. McCrae, P. T. Costa Jr., G. H. Del Pilar, J.-P. Rolland, and W. D. Parker
Cross-Cultural Assessment of the Five-Factor Model: The Revised NEO Personality Inventory
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,
January 1, 1998;
29(1):
171 - 188.
[Abstract]
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J. N. Butcher, J. Lim, and E. Nezami
Objective Study of Abnormal Personality in Cross-Cultural Settings: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,
January 1, 1998;
29(1):
189 - 211.
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J. H. Goldthorpe
THE INTEGRATION OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND THEORY: GROUNDS FOR OPTIMISM AT THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Rationality and Society,
November 1, 1997;
9(4):
405 - 426.
[Abstract]
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K. J. Krone, L. Chen, D. K. Sloan, and L. M. Gallant
Managerial Emotionality in Chinese Factories
Management Communication Quarterly,
August 1, 1997;
11(1):
6 - 50.
[Abstract]
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M. LEE and G. A. BARNETT
A Symbols-And-Meaning Approach to the Organizational Cultures of Banks in the United States, Japan, and Taiwan
Communication Research,
August 1, 1997;
24(4):
394 - 412.
[Abstract]
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M. A. Freeman
Demographic Correlates of Individualism and Collectivism: A Study of Social Values in Sri Lanka
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,
May 1, 1997;
28(3):
321 - 341.
[Abstract]
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G. Rait, A. Burns, and C. Chew
Age, ethnicity, and mental illness: a triple whammy
BMJ,
November 30, 1996;
313(7069):
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A. W. Wu, L. C. Coleson, J. Holbrook, D. A. Jabs, and Studies of Ocular Complication of AIDS Research Gr
Measuring Visual Function and Quality of Life in Patients With Cytomegalovirus Retinitis: Development of a Questionnaire
Arch Ophthalmol,
July 1, 1996;
114(7):
841 - 847.
[Abstract]
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L. R. Phillips, I. Luna, C. K. Russell, G. Baca, Y. M. Lim, S. L. Cromwell, and E. T. de Ardon
Toward a Cross-Cultural Perspective of Family Caregiving
West J Nurs Res,
June 1, 1996;
18(3):
236 - 251.
[Abstract]
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W. Wang and L. L. Viney
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Eriksonian Psychosocial Development: Chinese and Australian Children
School Psychology International,
February 1, 1996;
17(1):
33 - 48.
[Abstract]
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C. Gambetta and K. P. DePauw
Attitudes Toward Physical Activity among Germany and the United States Senior Citizens
European Physical Education Review,
October 1, 1995;
1(2):
155 - 162.
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R. H. Dana
Culturally Competent MMPI Assessment of Hispanic Populations
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences,
August 1, 1995;
17(3):
305 - 319.
[Abstract]
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M. M. White, J. M. Parks, D. G. Gallagher, L. A. Tetrault, and M. Wakabayashi
Validity Evidence for the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire in the Japanese Corporate Culture
Educational and Psychological Measurement,
April 1, 1995;
55(2):
278 - 290.
[Abstract]
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J. S. Gilmer, T. Tripp-Reimer, K. C. Buckwalter, P. H. Andrews, W. W. Morris, H. Rios, C. Lindencrona, and G. Evers
Translation and Validation Issues for a Multidimensional Elderly Self-Assessment Instrument
West J Nurs Res,
April 1, 1995;
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220 - 226.
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K. J. Aroian, C. A. Patsdaughter, A. Levin, and M. E. Gianan
Use of the Brief Symptom Inventory to Assess Psychological Distress in Three Immigrant Groups
International Journal of Social Psychiatry,
March 1, 1995;
41(1):
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[Abstract]
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