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Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 2,
133-151 (1989)
DOI: 10.1177/0022022189202002
On the Empirical Identification of Dimensions for Cross-Cultural Comparisons
Kwok Leung
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Michael Harris Bond
Chinese University of Hong Kong
In cross-cultural psychology a major goal is to identify dimensions of culture. For this purpose, the cross-cultural analysis (referred to as ecological analysis by Hofstede, 1980) is often used. Two methodological difficulties associated with this method are discussed, and their solution is proposed. A method intended to identify universal dimensions of individual difference, the pancultural analysis, is likely to produce results similar to those obtained in a cross-cultural analysis and hence is unable to achieve its purpose of identifying individual dimensions. A new procedure, based on a within-culture standardization procedure, is introduced for this purpose. A case study of the differences in the results produced by the cross-cultural and the new analyses is then used as a springboard for a further discussion of Shweder's(1973) between-within issue. The theoretical meaning of cultural and individual dimensions is also discussed.
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