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DOI: 10.1177/0022022104266105 Patterns and Universals of Adult Romantic Attachment Across 62 Cultural RegionsAre Models of Self and of Other Pancultural Constructs?Bradley University
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
Bradley University
University of Tartu, Estonia
University of Louisville
University of Latvia, Latvia
University of New Mexico
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Republic
University of San Carlos, Philippines
University of Malta, Malta
Ghent University, Belgium
Clemson University
University of San Carlos, Philippines
Université of Laval, Canada
University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
University of Louisville
Osaka University, Japan
Ghent University, Belgium
Illinois State University
National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
University of Brasilia, Brazil
The University of Western Australia, Australia
University of Lima, Peru
Bogaziçi Üniversitesi, Turkey
University of Kassel, Germany
University of Malta, Malta
York University, Canada
University of Queensland, Australia
Bradley University
Åbo Akademi University, Finland
Åbo Akademi University, Finland
Al-Akhawayn University, Morocco
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
University of Hawaii, Manoa
Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Urban Ethology, Austria
University of Catania, Italy
University of Otago, New Zealand
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
University of Lima, Peru
Technische Universität Chemnitz, Germany
Bradley University
Knox College
University of Queensland, Australia
Comenius University, Slovak Republic
University of Rijeka, Croatia
Bradley University
University of Malaya, Malaysia
Vilnius University, Lithuania
Centre d’Enseignement les Gazelles, Democratic Republic of the Congo
University of Rijeka, Croatia
American University of Beirut, Lebanon
Kwangju Health College, South Korea
University of Tartu, Estonia
Institute of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria
University of Utrecht, the Netherlands
The Ruppin Institute, Israel
University of Malta, Malta
Université of Laval, Canada
National Computerization Agency, South Korea
City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
University of Idaho
The University of Western Australia, Australia
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Republic
University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
Vilnius Univeristy, Lithuania
University of Lisbon, Portugal
University of Lisbon, Portugal
University of Central Lancashire, England
Loyola Marymount University
University of Natal, South Africa
University of Lisbon, Portugal
University of Lisbon, Portugal
University of Granada, Spain
University of Botswana, Botswana
University of Queensland, Australia
University of Jordan, Jordan
Babes Bolyai University, Romania
University of Cyprus, Cyprus
University of Belgrade, Serbia
Ghent University, Belgium
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Republic
KPMG Kyriacou Counsultants SA, Greece
Volyn Regional Hospital, Ukraine
Université de Montpellier II, France
Universität Zürich, Switzerland
University of Alabama
National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
Baylor University
Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland
Univeristy of Ljubljana, Slovenia
University of Haifa, Israel
Universidad de La Serena, Chile
University of Catania, Italy
Åbo Akademi University, Finland
Bradley University
Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
Technische Universität Chemnitz, Germany
University of Catania, Italy
Florida Atlantic University
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
University of California, Davis
University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
Ramapo College of New Jersey
University of Natal, South Africa
Ghent University, Belgium
Cyprus College, Cyprus
Middle East Technical University, Turkey
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Republic
Nicholas Copernicus University, Poland
University of the South Pacific, Fiji
Vrije Universiteit, Belgium
State University of New York, Plattsburgh
University of the Aegean, Greece
University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Bradley University
Ghent University, Belgium
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
The Netherlands Institute of Social Sexological Research, the Netherlands
University of Lethbridge, Canada
University of Lisbon, Portugal
University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Yuan Ze University, Taiwan
Charles University, Czech Republic
Couple Clinic Indonesia, Surabaya, Indonesia
Utrecht University, the Netherlands
Chonnam National University, South Korea
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completedthe RelationshipQuestionnaire(RQ), a self-reportmeasure of adult romanticattachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions of the RQ did not underlie the four-category model of attachment in the same way across all cultures. Analyses of specific attachment styles revealed that secure romantic attachment was normative in 79% of cultures and that preoccupied romantic attachment was particularly prevalent in East Asian cultures. Finally, the romantic attachment profiles of individual nations were correlated with sociocultural indicators in ways that supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment and basic human mating strategies.
Key Words: romantic attachment • culture • internal working models • human mating strategies
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