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Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
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Culture-Level Dimensions of Social Axioms and Their Correlates across 41 Cultures

Michael Harris Bond

Chinese University of Hong Kong

Kwok Leung

Al Au

City University of Hong Kong

Kwok-Kit Tong

University of Macau

Sharon Reimel de Carrasquel

Universidad Simon Bolivar, Venezuela

Fumio Murakami

Susumu Yamaguchi

University of Tokyo, Japan

Günter Bierbrauer

Universität Osnabrück, Germany

Theodore M. Singelis

California State University, Chico

Markus Broer

University of Vienna, Austria

Filip Boen

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

Sophie M. Lambert

Université Libre deBruxelles, Belgium

Maria Cristina Ferreira

Gama Filho University, Brazil

Kimberly A. Noels

Jay van Bavel

University of Alberta, Canada

Saba Safdar

University of Guelph, Canada

Jianxin Zhang

Lina Chen

Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Iva Solcova

Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic

Iva Stetovska

Charles University of Prague, Czech Republic

Toomas Niit

Kaisa-Kitri Niit

Tallinn Pedagogical University, Estonia

Helena Hurme

Mia Böling

Åbo Akademi University, Finland

Vijé Franchi

University of Lyon 2, France

Guguli Magradze

Nino Javakhishvili

Tbilisi State University, Georgia

Klaus Boehnke

International University, Bremen, Germany

Edgar Klinger

Universität Osnabrück, Germany

Xu Huang

Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Marta Fulop

Mihaly Berkics

Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary

Penny Panagiotopoulou

University of Athens, Greece

Sujata Sriram

Nandita Chaudhary

Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, India

Anjali Ghosh

Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, India

Neharika Vohra

Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India

Dien Fakhri Iqbal

Padjadjaran University, Indonesia

Jenny Kurman

University of Haifa, Israel

Ram David Thein

Achva College for Education, Israel

Anna Laura Comunian

University of Padua, Italy

Son, Kyung Ae

Seowon University, Korea

Ivars Austers

University of Latvia, Latvia

Charles Harb

American University of Beirut, Lebanon

Joseph O. T. Odusanya

Help Institute, Malaysia

Zainal A. Ahmed

Universiti Sains Malaysia

Rosnah Ismail

Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia

Fons van deVijver

Tilburg University, The Netherlands

Colleen Ward

Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Andrew Mogaji

University of Lagos, Nigeria

David Lackland Sam

University of Bergen, Norway

Muhammad Jahan Zeb Khan

University of Peshawar, Pakistan

William E. Cabanillas

Universidad Ricardo Palma, Peru

Ly Sycip

University of Philippines-Diliman, Philippines

Félix Neto

Universidade do Porto, Portugal

Rosa Cabecinhas

Paulo Xavier

Universidade do Minho, Portugal

Margareta Dinca

University Titu Maiorescu, Romania

Nadezhda Lebedeva

Andrianna Viskochil

Oksana Ponomareva

Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

Steven Michael Burgess

University of Cape Town, South Africa

Luis Oceja

Silvia Campo

Universidad Autónoma deMadrid, Spain

Kwang-Kuo Hwang

National Taiwan University

June Bernadette D’souza

Assumption University, Thailand

Bilge Ataca

Bogazici University, Turkey

Adrian Furnham

University College London, United Kingdom

J. Rees Lewis

University of Greenwich, United Kingdom

Leung and colleagues have revealed a five-dimensional structure of social axioms across individuals from five cultural groups. The present research was designed to reveal the culture level factor structure of social axioms and its correlates across 41 nations. An ecological factor analysis on the 60 items of the Social Axioms Survey extracted two factors: Dynamic Externality correlates with value measures tapping collectivism, hierarchy, and conservatism and with national indices indicative of lower social development. Societal Cynicism is less strongly and broadly correlated with previous values measures or other national indices and seems to define a novel cultural syndrome. Its national correlates suggest that it taps the cognitive component of a cultural constellation labeled maleficence, a cultural syndrome associated with a general mistrust of social systems and other people. Discussion focused on the meaning of these national level factors of beliefs and on their relationships with individual level factors of belief derived from the same data set.

Key Words: social axioms • cultural dimensions • dynamic externality • societal cynicism

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 35, No. 5, 548-570 (2004)
DOI: 10.1177/0022022104268388


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