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Icelanders’ and U.S. Nationals’ Expectations about Counseling

The Role of Nationality, Sex, and Holland’s Typology

Ball State University

Lawrence H. Gerstein

Ball State University

This study compared counseling expectations of Icelandic and U.S. college students, investigated counseling expectations as a function of sex, and explored the relationship between counseling expectations and Holland’s typology. It was discovered that the Icelandic students expected greater expertise from the counselor than did the U.S. students and the U.S. students expected the counseling conditions to be more facilitative than did the Icelandic students. Also, women, as compared with men, expected counseling to be more facilitative of change and expected to be more personally committed to the counseling process, whereas men expected more counselor expertise. A canonical correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between counseling expectations and Holland’s Social and Realistic personality types for the U.S. students and Holland’s Social type for the Icelandic students.

Key Words: counseling expectations • expectations about counseling questionnaire • EAC-B • Icelandic college students • Holland’s typology

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 35, No. 6, 734-748 (2004)
DOI: 10.1177/0022022104270115


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