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Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
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Variation of Individualism and Collectivism within and between 20 Countries

A Typological Analysis

Eva G. T. Green

Jean-Claude Deschamps

University of Lausanne

Dario Páez

University of the Basque Country

With data from a 20-nation study (N = 2,533), the authors investigated how individual patterns of endorsement of individualist and collectivist attitudes are distributed within and across national contexts. A cluster analysis performed on individual scores of self-reliance (individualist dimension), group-oriented interdependence (collectivist dimension), and competitiveness (individualist or collectivist dimension) yielded a typology of four constrained combinations of these dimensions. Despite the prevalence of a typology group within a given country, variability was observed in all countries. Self-reliant non-competitors and interdependent non-competitors were prevalent among participants from Western nations, whereas self-reliant competitors and interdependent competitors were more common in non-Western countries. These findings emphasize the benefits for cross-cultural research of a typological approach based on combinations of individualist and collectivist dimensions.

Key Words: individualism • collectivism • within-country variation • between-country variation

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 36, No. 3, 321-339 (2005)
DOI: 10.1177/0022022104273654
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