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Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 37, No. 1, 3-19 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0022022105282292

Gender and Age Differences in Same-Sex Aggregation and Social Behavior

A Four-Culture Study

Robert L. Munroe

Pitzer College

A. Kimball Romney

University of California, Irvine

Children's tendencies to aggregate with same-sex others and to increase spatial experience with age are investigated among 3- to 9-year-olds in four non-Western communities. Also investigated are genderspecific social behaviors, labeled by Eleanor Maccoby as male-styleand female-styleplay. Analysis of naturalistic observations of daily activities indicate that during free time in all cultures, older children (7- and 9-year-olds) are much more involved in both same-sex aggregation and away-from-home spatial experience than are younger children (3- and 5-year-olds) and that older boys are more strongly involved in these events than are older girls. Older boys also display a marked degree of same-sex aggregation when enacting the male-style behaviors of physicality and attention seeking, but girls do not display a similar same-sex aggregation for any category of social behavior. Children's levels of gender understanding are unrelated to the outcomes.

Key Words: gender • sex differences • same-sex aggregation • male physicality • naturalistic observations


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