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This version was published on July 1, 2008
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 39, No. 4, 373-380 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/0022022108316638

"Remembering" World War II and Willingness to Fight

Sociocultural Factors in the Social Representation of Historical Warfare Across 22 Societies

Dario Paez

University of the Basque Country, Spain, dario.paez{at}ehu.es

James H. Liu

Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, james.liu{at}vuw.ac.nz

Elza Techio

University of the Basque Country, Spain

Patricia Slawuta

New School for Social Research, New York

Anya Zlobina

Saint Louis University at Madrid, Spain

Rosa Cabecinhas

University of Minho, Portugal

Students from 22 nations answered a survey on the most important events in world history. At the national level, free recalling and a positive evaluation of World War II (WWII) were associated with World Values Survey willingness to fight for the country in a war and being a victorious nation. Willingness to fight, a more benign evaluation of WWII, and recall of WWII were associated with nation-level scores on power distance and low postmaterialism, suggesting that values stressing obedience and competition between nations are associated with support for collective violence, whereas values of expressive individualism are negatively related. Internal political violence was unrelated to willingness to fight, excluding direct learning as an explanation of legitimization of violence. Recall of wars in general (operationalized by WWI recall) was also unrelated to willingness to fight. Results replicate and extend Archer and Gartner's classic study showing the legitimization of violence by war to the domain of collective remembering.

Key Words: social representations • collective memory • war attitudes


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